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Even without this knowledge, the algorithm is easily broken through frequency analysis. ROT13 is not intended to be used where secrecy is of any concern-the use of a constant shift means that the encryption effectively has no key, and decryption requires no more knowledge than the fact that ROT13 is in use. The words "n", "V" (capitalized only), and "gur" (ROT13 for "a", "I", and "the"), and words ending in "yl" ("ly") are examples. In encrypted, normal, English-language text of any significant size, ROT13 is recognizable from some letter/word patterns. By obscuring an email's content, the screening algorithm is unable to identify the email as, for instance, a security risk, and allows it into the recipient's in-box. It is also used to circumvent email screening and spam filtering. Email addresses are also sometimes encoded with ROT13 to hide them from less sophisticated spam bots. ROT13 is typically supported as a built-in feature to newsreading software. A shift of thirteen was chosen over other values, such as three as in the original Caesar cipher, because thirteen is the value for which encoding and decoding are equivalent, thereby allowing the convenience of a single command for both. It is used to hide potentially offensive jokes, or to obscure an answer to a puzzle or other spoiler. ROT13 was in use in the net.jokes newsgroup by the early 1980s. He used its latinised form, Orffyreus, as his pseudonym. Johann Ernst Elias Bessler, an 18th century clockmaker and constructor of perpetual motion machines, pointed out that ROT13 encodes his surname as Orffyre. ROT13 is a special case of the encryption algorithm known as a Caesar cipher, used by Julius Caesar in the 1st century BC. Jul qvq gur puvpxra pebff gur ebnq? To get to the other side!Ī second application of ROT13 would restore the original. Transforming the entire text via ROT13 form, the answer to the joke is revealed: Why did the chicken cross the road? Gb trg gb gur bgure fvqr! NOPQRSTUVWXYZ ABCDEFGHIJKLM nopqrstuvwxyz abcdefghijklmįor example, in the following joke, the punchline has been obscured by ROT13: The transformation can be done using a lookup table, such as the following:ĪBCDEFGHIJKLM NOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklm nopqrstuvwxyz In other words, two successive applications of ROT13 restore the original text (in mathematics, this is sometimes called an involution in cryptography, a reciprocal cipher). Because there are 26 letters in the English alphabet and 26 = 2 × 13, the ROT13 function is its own inverse: ROT 13 ( ROT 13 ( x ) ) = x for any basic Latin-alphabet text x. Only those letters which occur in the English alphabet are affected numbers, symbols, punctuation, whitespace, and all other characters are left unchanged. A becomes N, B becomes O, and so on up to M, which becomes Z, then the sequence continues at the beginning of the alphabet: N becomes A, O becomes B, and so on to Z, which becomes M. Applying ROT13 to a piece of text merely requires examining its alphabetic characters and replacing each one by the letter 13 places further along in the alphabet, wrapping back to the beginning if necessary. Cover and place the tart in the fridge for at least 4 hours and up to overnight (preferred). Remove from the oven and let cool to room temperature. Bake for 40 to 50 minutes, or until the center is just jiggly. Pour the filling into the cooled pie crust. Reduce the mixer to low and add the milk, cream, salt, cinnamon, ginger, nutmeg, and cloves. Add the eggs, one at a time beating well after each addition, until smooth. To make the filling, beat together the pumpkin and sugar with a paddle attachment or an electric hand mixer. Remove the crust from the oven and cool for 15 minutes. Remove the parchment and weights, then bake for another 6 minutes. Bake the crust for 8 minutes, or until just golden and set. Use a fork to poke holes in the crust all over.Ĭover the tart with a piece of crumpled parchment paper and add pie weights or dried beans. Transfer to the prepared pan and gently press the crust into the pan. Place the dough on a lightly floured work surface and roll into a circle ¼ inch thick and about 2 inches larger than your pie plate. When you’re ready to make the pie, grease a 10-inch tart plate with a removable bottom. Cover with plastic and place in the fridge for at least an hour. Transfer the dough to a piece of plastic wrap and press into a disc. Add the butter and shortening and pulse 2-3 times, until you have pea-sized crumbles.Īdd the ice water, 1 tablespoon at a time, and pulse after each addition, until the dough is wet enough to be pressed into a ball. In a food processor, pulse together the flour, sugar, and salt to combine. When you’re ready to enjoy a slice, simply cut one out of the tart, add your toppings, and dig in. #PUMPKIN TART HOW TO#Eggnog ice cream would be lovely too! How to Store ExtrasĬover extras with saran wrap and store the tart in the fridge. You can also add a scoop of vanilla ice cream on the side. What goes with a tart? I like to serve slices of this dessert with dollops of whipped cream on top of each slice and a scant sprinkling of ground cinnamon. This means that it will be easier to get a clean and pretty slice! The longer it has to chill the more it will set. The baked tart should be chilled for at least 4 hours, but overnight is better. You just want to pulse the dough until it comes together in a ball. This dough for this pumpkin tart is made in the food processor, which makes it incredibly simple but also lends itself to overmixing. I have two galette recipes: a savory tomato galette and a sweet blueberry peach galettes. They also are usually served with similar accompaniments, like whipped cream or perhaps a scoop of ice cream.Īnother variation would be a galette, which is a free-form pie that can be sweet or savory. It can also have a crust on top, depending on the kind of pie you are making.īoth a tart and a pie can be either sweet or savory. A pie is usually cut and served straight from the pie dish. The crust should be tender and flakey, not crumbly.
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